pulmonary edema and covid vaccine pulmonary edema and covid vaccine

Ursodeoxycholic Acid Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance in LPSinduced Pulmonary Edema via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway. Epub 2020 May 13. Phytomedicine 85, 153242. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242, Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., et al. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). Ther. medRxiv. Artif Intell Med. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds. Other anti-viral drugs, such as arbidol, chloroquine phosphate and ritonavir, did not exhibit efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in COVID-19 patients. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: The Current Evidence and Treatment Strategies. (2004). DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Technol. Lab. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Usage Is Associated with Improved Inflammatory Status and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension. Systemic Reactions. doi:10.1203/00006450-199908000-00014, Christ-Crain, M., Hoorn, E. J., Sherlock, M., Thompson, C. J., and Wass, J. Researches proved that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as well as an engineered heart tissue (EHT), in cellular and organ level respectively, suggesting that the virus can replicate rapidly in the cardiomyocytes, infecting other cardiomyocytes, contributing to cardiomyocyte cell death, myocardial inflammation and even heart failure (Sharma et al., 2020; Bailey et al., 2021). Case Report: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Janssen COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. 10.5582/ddt.2020.03070 It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001, Imai, Y., Kuba, K., and Penninger, J. M. (2007). Science 367 (6483), 12601263. The functional inhibition of relevant lung enzymes and ion channels may disturb AFC, thus resulting pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. Lancet Respir. Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Nocisensor. Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). SARS-CoV-2 Infects Human Engineered Heart Tissues and Models COVID-19 Myocarditis. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Online]. Crit. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00395.2015, Birrell, M. A., Belvisi, M. G., Grace, M., Sadofsky, L., Faruqi, S., Hele, D. J., et al. Int. Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. Circ. Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, Dos Santos V, Bovone L, Rodriguez M, Magdaleno F, De Langhe V, Villoldo A, Martinez Souvielle R, Alconcher J, Quiros D, Milicchio C, Garcia Saiz E. J Clin Med. doi:10.1001/jama.249.2.237, Matalon, S. (1999). Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. TRPV1, expressed in C-fibers of the vagus nerves innervating airways (Cui et al., 2016), has been considered to play a key role in cough reflex and increased airway sensitivity caused by various diseases (Andr et al., 2009; Couto et al., 2013). doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.37040, Cui, M., Gosu, V., Basith, S., Hong, S., and Choi, S. (2016). Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. (2020a). Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. It has been observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9, two most crucial MMPs in the lung are over-expressed in pulmonary edema (Negrini et al., 1996; Negrini et al., 1998; Passi et al., 1998), suggesting that MMPs may become a potential target for pulmonary edema treatment. Xue-Bi-Jing injection is also widely applicated in treating COVID-19 patients and by adding it based on the routine anti-infective therapy, the 28-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia could be reduced by 8.8%, greatly improving pneumonia severity index (from 93.18 23.17 to 52.18 30.53) (Ma et al., 2020b). 158, 104850. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104850, Ma, Q., Qiu, M., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Deng, Z., et al. Int. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. In addition, HA is a part of a three-dimensional matrix in pulmonary interstitial, which consists of HA, PGs and fibrillar macromolecules providing resistance to tissue compression and interstitial fluid expansion (Negrini et al., 2008).When PGs and HA interact with collagen IV, a fibrillar macromolecule modulating capillary permeability in the vascular basement membrane, the compound substance limit fluid influx into the interstitium. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules significantly affect virus morphology, inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication with the IC50 value of 411.2g/ml, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA level, and show anti-inflammatory effect in vitro (Runfeng et al., 2020). As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). Am. Coronavirus; Race and Medicine . It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via specific binding of S-protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Figure 2 Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2) (Xu et al., 2020) and the binding affinity between these two proteins is 1020 times greater than that of SARS-CoV and ACE2 (Yan et al., 2020; Wrapp et al., 2020). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. 2023 Feb 13;11(2):435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020435. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: the Potential Role for Antifibrotic Therapy. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Gut 69 (6), 10101018. (2020). ACS Nano 14 (4), 38223835. Chem. Res. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). Association between Early Treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. Circuits between Infected Macrophages and T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. (2014). Physiol. JAMA 249 (2), 237241. Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Pulmonary Edema in COVID19-A Neural Hypothesis - PubMed Physiol. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection. There are also several natural compounds which were previously shown to have positive effects on the lung edema-associated targets described in this paper (Zhou et al., 2006; Ho et al., 2007; Ji et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Qu, 2019; Fan et al., 2020; Lung et al., 2020). 383 (19), 18131826. doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.2007787510.1002/cpt.2047, Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., and Zhou, Q. Therefore, the excessive release and decreased hydrolysis of BK through activating BKB1 and BKB2 receptors result in extra vascular leakage and pulmonary edema (Figure 5 Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs) (Zwaveling et al., 2020). Resolvin D1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. 275(3), L631L635. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301, Li, L., Zhang, W., Hu, Y., Tong, X., Zheng, S., Yang, J., et al. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Chills and swollen lymph nodes can also occur. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017, Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al. Invest. However, it is still unclear how the vaccination will proceed and how fast can vaccinations be done. Thromb. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). Acad. COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. Reaffirms recommendation for Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. Pulmonary Interstitial Pressure and Proteoglycans during Development of Pulmonary Edema. (2020b). Combination Therapy with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators Augment the Airway Functional Microanatomy. J. Physiol. Med. 8 (5), 475481. 110 (25), E2308E2316. Pharmacol. (2020e). Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 25 May 2021;Published: 07 June 2021. Pharmacol. Sharma, A., Garcia, G., Wang, Y., Plummer, J. T., Morizono, K., Arumugaswami, V., et al. Na+/K+-ATPase and ion channels (sodium, potassium, AQPs, and TRPs) are all involved in the regulation of AFC. Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients. 1480 (1), 73103. Ann. Am. (1998). Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. medRxiv.doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.20107607, Hu, K., Guan, W.-j., Bi, Y., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, B., et al. doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0338, Clapham, D. E., Runnels, L. W., and Strbing, C. (2001). doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.03070, Ahmed, M. H., and Hassan, A. When to. Clin. FOIA Clin. 157, 104882. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104882, Zhang, H., and Baker, A. Lancet Respir. Sci. 54 (3), 678811. Rev. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Res. Careers. Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform The University of Connecticut Foundation, Inc. Office of Development and Alumni Relations 10 Talcott Notch Road Suite 100 Farmington, CT 06032 Therefore, drugs targeted at the humoral mechanisms might turn out to be highly effective against SARS-COV-2 infections. CD44 inhibition reduces the IL-2 induced vascular leakage syndrome, revealing that CD44 may act as a potential target in COVID-19 treatment. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. 158 (6), 16211628. (2020). Physiol. doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000, Couto, M., de Diego, A., Perpii, M., Delgado, L., and Moreira, A. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00438.x, Bailey, A. L., Dmytrenko, O., Greenberg, L., Bredemeyer, A. L., Ma, P., Liu, J., et al. The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014, Hofer, C. C., Woods, P. S., and Davis, I. C. (2015). J. Nat. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. TRPs in Tox: Involvement of Transient Receptor Potential-Channels in Chemical-Induced Organ Toxicity-A Structured Review. The COVID-19 test was negative but with low blood pressure, leukocytosis, skin rash, pulmonary edema, and increased inflammation markers. Res. Atractylenolide-I, the active component of atractylodes, could minimize the formation of IL-6 and TNF- (Ji et al., 2014), inhibiting the generation of inflammatory cytokines causing inflammatory response, thus lowering the possibility of developing pulmonary edema. 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 Salmeterol for the Prevention of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Rev. According to previous studies, activation of AT1 receptor inhibits AFC by down-regulating cAMP and dysregulating ENaC expression, leading to Ang II-dependent pulmonary edema and alveolar filling increase (Deng et al., 2012). Clin. Furosemide, a NKCC inhibitor, has been acknowledged as first-line therapeutic drug for pulmonary edema all the time (Pickkers et al., 1997; Solymosi et al., 2013). (2005). doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. M., Vijay, A., Wang, S., Liang, L., Yang, S., et al. We identified pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In Silico and Experimental Study. Since the inhibition of ENaC induces pulmonary edema formation, targeting ENaC is rational in order to enhance fluid clearance from the alveoli. 8 (4), 420422. COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). Physiol. 10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673 J. Biol. doi:10.1002/jcp.28602, Otulakowski, G., Rafii, B., Bremner, H. R., and O'Brodovich, H. (1999). Systems Pharmacological Study Illustrates the Immune Regulation, Anti-infection, Anti-inflammation, and Multi-Organ protection Mechanism of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19. RAS, especially several cleavage products of the peptide angiotensin (AGT) along with their receptors, maintains a balance of fluid volume and pressure. Not everyone gets side effects. Pharmacol. With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. 160, 105073. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105073, Maronde, R. F., Milgrom, M., Vlachakis, N. D., and Chan, L. (1983). The activities of the molecules in RAS are ruled by dynamic changes responding to an injury. Moreover, it has been revealed that exosomes derived from human adipocyte can inhibit TRPV4-mediated calcium influx and thus protect mice against ventilator-induced lung injury (Yu et al., 2020). Neurosci. (2020). PCTR1 Improves Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance through Activating the Sodium Channel and Lymphatic Drainage in Lipopolysaccharideinduced ARDS. Cepharanthine: a Review of the Antiviral Potential of a Japanese-approved Alopecia Drug in COVID-19. Fatigue, headache, chills, and new or worsened muscle pain were most common. J. Biol. Pharmaceuticals 13 (9), 259. doi:10.3390/ph13090259, Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., and Wang, X.-J. Pulmonary edema is the disequilibrium between formation and reflux of lung tissue fluid leading to the absorption of massive tissue fluid by lung lymph and vein failure. Physiol. SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. Authors Pulmonary edema secondary to congestive heart failure The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. the Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence. doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586, Londino, J. D., Lazrak, A., Collawn, J. F., Bebok, Z., Harrod, K. S., and Matalon, S. (2017). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00376.2005, Li, C., Wang, P., Li, M., Zheng, R., Chen, S., Liu, S., et al. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (2014). (2020). Ion Channels of the Lung and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis. 2020 Jul;57:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038, Keywords: COVID-19, pulmonary edema, abnormal lung humoral metabolism, syndrome coronavirus 2, drug, traditional Chinese medicine, Citation: Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Guo H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E and Ma H (2021) Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. Dis. Vaccines (Basel). 35 (5), 684688. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. Frontiers | Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Nervous system conditions or surgeries. 3 (1), 237261. (2021). Transl. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report Reports of side effects of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasing worldwide. (2021). Physiol. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. Lung Consolidation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Verywell Health AQP-5 protein, present in the apical membranes of AT-I cell of alveolar epithelium, can regulate the transport of water molecules. Available: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml (Accessed February 4, 2021). Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. (2020). COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. The Current Evidence for the Treatment of Sepsis with Xuebijing Injection: Bioactive Constituents, Findings of Clinical Studies and Potential Mechanisms. Rev. The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. Pharmacol. 346, 16311636. eCollection 2021. Res. The first treatment for acute pulmonary edema is oxygen. Therefore, the infection along with the rapid replication of SARS-CoV-2 causes a large amount of body fluid permeating through pulmonary alveoli, leading to ADRS. New theories of the possible link between Covid shots and tinnitus are Currently, only icatibant has been approved as bradykinin antagonist for clinical treatment, and relevant studies have revealed that cefepime, cefpirome, imatinib, raloxifene, sildenafil, ponatinib, abemaciclib and entrectinib may also act as prospective non-selective bradykinin antagonists and have potential for treatment of COVID-19 (Rasaeifar et al., 2020). TRPA1 Agonists Evoke Coughing in guinea Pig and Human Volunteers. (2020). Science 367 (6485), 14441448. Invited Review: Active Fluid Clearance from the Distal Air Spaces of the Lung.