Starting with the elections in 2013 there has been a roll-back of reforms adopted after the post-election violence of 20072008,Footnote79 often under the rubric of securitization. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.52% (2021 est. These centers traded with the outside world, including China, India, Indonesia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Persia. note: data are in current year dollars$11.471 billion (2019 est. Talking from the current perspective an old man in Nakuru spoke about the early 1960s: In July [1960] Somalia was declared independent, in October I went there. Kenyan Somalis at times naively buy into this national delusion until they are violently awakened to the reality by events like the current exercise [operation usalama watch], and then put in their rightful place. This inability to speak Somali was true even though Abdullahis brothers mainly lived within Somali circles: their closest contacts were members of the extended kin network and of their own clan and the flat in which Abdullahi was living was situated in a Somali middle class neighbourhood. During the Wagalla massacre in 1984, for instance, between 1,000 and 5,000 Somalis were killed by security personnel, demonstrating a continuity of military and state policy towards the north.Footnote23 Yet despite the violence of the Kenyan state in the northeastern region, Lewis could write in the late 1980s The large Somali community in Northern Kenyatends tobe quite firmly integrated into Kenya.Footnote24. Kenyas stagnant economy and political problems during the 1980s and 1990s led to an outpouring of Kenyan students and professionals seeking permanent opportunities in the West and southern Africa. ), total: 11.1% (2020 est. ), municipal: 500 million cubic meters (2020 est. ), total: 20 yearsmale: 19.9 yearsfemale: 20.1 years (2020 est. The term Somali is used as an umbrella term, applied to a very heterogeneous population. Abdhullahi, in contrast, mostly stayed away from other Somalis, with the exception of business endeavours. In 2013, the elections fostered a co-optation of the Kenyan Somali population; at the same time, they were the focus of a securitization discourse, which in turn resulted in another alienation of the Somali population of Kenya. The widespread use of rape in Ogaden has . )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. It attempted to recruit Kenyan Somali youth . When the results were published in September 2010, Kenyan Somalis were, as in 1999, the strongest growing group. When I met him in Nakuru, he lived with his two brothers. With access to education, healthcare, and technology, Kenya is poised for exponential growth. One of the biggest took place in April 2014 as usalama watch (security watch), when police went to urban neighbourhoods where ethnic Somalis live to arrest foreign nationals and terrorism suspects.Footnote74 The government also used extra-judicial killings and disappearances mainly in the northeastern region, returning to strategies employed under emergency regulations.Footnote75 Thirdly, the border to Somalia was temporarily closed and in 2015 Kenya started to build a wall along it. Kenyas persistent rapid population growth strains the labor market, social services, arable land, and natural resources. Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania, total: 580,367 sq kmland: 569,140 sq kmwater: 11,227 sq km, five times the size of Ohio; slightly more than twice the size of Nevada, total: 3,457 kmborder countries (5): Ethiopia 867 km; Somalia 684 km; South Sudan 317 km; Tanzania 775 km; Uganda 814 km, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior, low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west, highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 mlowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 762 m, limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower, agricultural land: 48.1% (2018 est. This strategy of stigmatization informed the security measures taken. Amina, a young woman in her early 20s, was born in Nakuru. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. 10.9% vs 4.9% 36.62% lower obesity rate among adults? Ogaden | Region, History, & Conflict | Britannica 53. [8] In particular, the ONLF operates in Ogaden areas. Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey. The biggest group of Somalis moving to the cities were therefore not refugees, but Kenyan Somalis whose migration resulted partly from the changing structures in the northeastern region. Letter of the chief secretary Turnbull to the Secretary of the East African Ishakia Association, July 1955; ADM 15/1/14/87A (Kenya National Archives, Nakuru). Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Due to the years of war and negligence by the Ethiopian government, the quality of life in the Ogaden region has deteriorated. 0-14 years: 36.45% (male 10,447,425/female 10,349,611)15-64 years: 60.26% (male 17,196,347/female 17,185,035)65 years and over: 3.28% (2023 est.) HRW, Death and Disappearances, 1213. note: data are in current year dollars$9.709 billion (2020 est.) They were employed as government clerks and soldiers in the Kings African Rifles, or they were involved in trading activities. But counting ethnic affiliation also created opportunities for the negotiation of belonging to Kenya. Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. 54. Wiesmann, Kiteme and Mwangi, Socio-Economic Atlas, 122128. The first part of the paper gives a short historical overview of the socio-political position of the Somali population of Kenya, while the second part deals with three of the states citizen-making instruments crucial over the last decade: the census of 2009, the elections of 2013, and the move towards securitization since 2013, following terrorist attacks on Kenyan soil. Marehan, Murulle, Degodia & Garre need to secede from Kenya - SomaliNet Thirdly, there are SomalianFootnote2 refugees (officially, they numbered about 285,000 people in December 2017).Footnote3 The last, and smallest, group are the relatively affluent Somalian returnees, who migrated from Somalia to Europe or North America in the 1990s and later returned to East African urban areas. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 15. All Somalis were required to register and to prove their belonging, consolidating their position as ambiguous citizens.Footnote17 The various counterinsurgency measures taken by the Kenyan state had severe economic impacts and to this day, the northeastern region remains one of the least developed, producing a dual exclusion of both the region and its people,Footnote18 with the regular internal checkpoint in Garissa still resembling a border station to Kenya for many Somalis.Footnote19, Outside of the northeastern region, urbanized Kenyan Somalis also felt marginalized: they were not only held responsible for the secessionist movement, but also lost the socio-economic status they had occupied in pre-independence society. )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 447,608 tons (2009 est. Why Ogaden War 45. With his brothers, he plans to start an agricultural business. 72. Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 1516. Sometimes the status of insider is almost impossible to reach. The report argues . ), improved: urban: 91.3% of populationrural: 63.3% of populationtotal: 71.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 8.7% of populationrural: 36.7% of populationtotal: 28.8% of population (2020 est. 83. Theoretical Notes on Gray Cities: The Coming of Urban Apartheid? Even though other communities, such as Maasai, Kalenjin, or Luo likewise spread over national borders, Kenyan Somali Members of Parliament lamented repeatedly that Kenya treats its Somali citizens differently than those other groups.Footnote90 The notion of pastoralism can, however, also serve as a binding element, as the elections 2013 showed. 19. In Dadaab: refugees v locals | Global development | The Guardian Daily Nation, Security laws illegal, declares High Court, 23 February 2015. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Security-laws-illegal-declares-High-Court/1064-2633342-jw2qp1/index.html. Elliott, Planning, Property and Plots, 512. Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard), Parliamentary Debates, July 14, 1999, p. 1327 and October 24, 2001, p. 2713. The adjusted numbers published later are still considered dubious by many.Footnote53 Weitzberg has shown how problematic census results were already in colonial times.Footnote54 For nomadic populations, underreporting was observed frequently, as the census logic is linked to a sedentary lifestyle. Kenya Population Census 1969, 1; Kenya Population Census 1979, 8. He now lives there with a Kikuyu woman and their young daughter. Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 617. 13. Even though Kenyan Somalis have been treated as ambiguous citizens since independence, the question for many of them is not so much if they belong to Kenya, but rather how. Somalis in Kenya - Wikipedia The Sands of the Ogaden Are Blowing Across East Africa The Portuguese were pushed out in the late 1600s by the combined forces of Oman and Pate, an island off the coast. )percent of population: 29% (2021 est. Ethiopia: Prospects for Peace in Ogaden | Crisis Group )male: 19.5% (2020 est. Abyssinia of eastern Africa. On the massacre see also TJRC, Final Report 2A, 221367, and Sheikh, Blood on the Runway. 31. 33. After a series of attacks on Kenyan soil carried out by the militant Somalian movement al-Shabaab, its Kenyan affiliate al-Hijra or actors claiming proximity to these groups, the Kenyan security apparatus reacted with heavy-handed measures, especially targeting ethnic Somalis living in Kenya.Footnote66 Kenyas Operation Linda Nchi (Protect the country) in October 2011, intended to push back al-Shabaab fighters from southern Somalia,Footnote67 was followed by a series of retaliatory attacks by al-Shabaab, often carried out in areas inhabited by ethnic Somalis. Their positioning in a gray space within Kenyan society, leaves them neither integrated nor eliminated, forming pseudo-permanent margins.Footnote9 What impact the new urgency to form a more united Kenyan nation, following the post-election violence in 20072008, has on its Somali population is discussed below. In Nakuru, Somalis have their own mosque, which is not part of the local Muslim Association, and also their business activities mainly take place within Somali networks. Interview with Waez, Nairobi, October 2010. Interview with Cawo, Kopenhagen, August 2015. 12. [] This [] move tends to preserve gray spaces, activities and populations in permanent temporariness concurrently tolerated and condemned, perpetually waiting to be corrected.Footnote111. Their figures rely on the (problematic) census 2009. ), milk, tea, beef, maize, sugar cane, tomatoes, mangoes/guavas, potatoes, beans, bananas, agriculture, transportation, services, manufacturing, construction, telecommunications, tourism, retail, agriculture: 61.1%industry: 6.7%services: 32.2% (2005 est. Kenya's special envoy to the Horn of Africa, Ambassador Ali Bunow Korane, confirmed recently that the Ethiopian government and leadership of the ONLF have agreed to meet. Similar harrowing testimony -- dismissed as rebel propaganda by the Ethiopian government -- was repeated by various Ogaden refugees who have trickled recently into different parts of Kenya's . Instead, a de jure count was undertaken, followed by sampling. The Ogadeen are the single largest Somali clan family in both Kenya and Ethiopia and are highly politically influential in both countries. My thanks go to James Carrier, David OKane, John Eidson and Keren Weitzberg for their fruitful comments and to Fatma A. Hassan for her help during fieldwork in Kenya. I argue that many Kenyan Somalis are ready to take this possibility up, if they have the chance to do so. A shrinking presence of the state and the proliferation of small arms destabilized the region. 240.71$ billion vs 190.97$ billion 18.01% fewer people living below the poverty line? )5.01% (2019 est. There had been warnings that were not taken seriously concerning the attacks on the Westgate Mall (2013), the coastal town Mpeketoni close to Lamu (2014), as well as on the Garissa University College (2015).Footnote69 Moreover, when the Kenyan security apparatus reacted, it did so in an incoherent and chaotic way.Footnote70 Instead of improving coordination between the multiple security agencies, political actors responded in the same manner as before by blaming terrorism on Somali refugees in particular and the Somali inhabitants of Kenya in general, externalizing insecurity by utilizing the image of Somalis as ambiguous citizens, ignoring that many of the attackers were neither Kenyan Somalis nor Somali nationals.Footnote71. 40. New Modes in the Struggle Over Citizenship and Belonging in Africa and Europe, The Fourth Point: An Examination of the Influence of Kenyan Somalis in Somalia, Decentralisation in Kenya: The Governance of Governors, Planning, Property and Plots At the Gateway to Kenyas New Frontier, Somalia Rising: Things are Starting to Change for the Worlds Longest Failed State, The Checkered History of the Somali in Kenya. )3.09% of GDP (2020 est. Why the results of Somali elections are crucial for the region - Aljazeera UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Fact Sheet, Kenya (01-31 December 2017). About 95% of them are Muslim. )government consumption: 14.3% (2017 est. In the case of Kenyan Somalis, this notion is further complicated. Kenya Population Census 1962, 34-5. The main part of the data, consisting of open and structured interviews (such as social network interviews) as well as participant observation, was collected in several periods of extended field research since 2010 mainly in urban Somali neighbourhoods, Somali shopping centres, and Islamic institutions. ), fossil fuels: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Both solutions are characterized by instability and insecurity. )101.302 (2018 est. Kenya - The World Factbook - CIA )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. )other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2020 est. This perception was not only linked to a feeling of cultural proximity, but also to personal contacts which are often clan-centred. In the multi-ethnic state of Kenya, many are subjected to this ambiguous citizenship: Asians, white Kenyans, Nubians, or Arabs. )$233.852 billion (2020 est. Yuval-Davis, Intersectionality, Citizenship, 563. When looking at those other groups Asians, Whites, Nubians or Arabs two main dimensions along which Kenyanness is constructed come into focus: a racial dimension and a cultural dimension. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. Ethiopia was deemed the ripest for immediate action. Lonsdale, Soil, Work, Civilization, 308. ), improved: urban: 84% of populationrural: 48.1% of populationtotal: 58.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 16% of populationrural: 51.9% of populationtotal: 41.8% of population (2020 est. ), -0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). This argument was already raised in 1974 during a discussion about the motion Compulsary birth registration for Isiolo and Marsabit Somali (Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, May 17, 1974, p. 1408). Concerning Kenyan Somalis there are a number of additional issues at stake: high levels of non-compliance were reported during earlier censuses; the classification of who is recorded as Somali has changed over the time, making results difficult to compare; and finally, growing sedentarization poses further questions of comparability.Footnote55 At the same time, research shows how important the census is for the politics of recognition.Footnote56, Elections are another crucial moment for the politics of belonging in Kenya. ), conventional long form: Republic of Kenyaconventional short form: Kenyalocal long form: Republic of Kenya (English)/ Jamhuri ya Kenya (Swahili)local short form: Kenyaformer: British East Africaetymology: named for Mount Kenya; the meaning of the name is unclear but may derive from the Kikuyu, Embu, and Kamba words "kirinyaga," "kirenyaa," and "kiinyaa" - all of which mean "God's resting place", name: Nairobigeographic coordinates: 1 17 S, 36 49 Etime difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: the name derives from the Maasai expression meaning "cool waters" and refers to a cold water stream that flowed through the area in the late 19th century, 47 counties; Baringo, Bomet, Bungoma, Busia, Elgeyo/Marakwet, Embu, Garissa, Homa Bay, Isiolo, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kericho, Kiambu, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Laikipia, Lamu, Machakos, Makueni, Mandera, Marsabit, Meru, Migori, Mombasa, Murang'a, Nairobi City, Nakuru, Nandi, Narok, Nyamira, Nyandarua, Nyeri, Samburu, Siaya, Taita/Taveta, Tana River, Tharaka-Nithi, Trans Nzoia, Turkana, Uasin Gishu, Vihiga, Wajir, West Pokot, Jamhuri Day (Independence Day), 12 December (1963); note - Madaraka Day, 1 June (1963) marks the day Kenya attained internal self-rule, history: current constitution passed by referendum on 4 August 2010amendments: amendments can be proposed by either house of Parliament or by petition of at least one million eligible voters; passage of amendments by Parliament requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses in each of two readings, approval in a referendum by majority of votes cast by at least 20% of eligible voters in at least one half of Kenyas counties, and approval by the president; passage of amendments introduced by petition requires approval by a majority of county assemblies, approval by majority vote of both houses, and approval by the president, mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law; judicial review in the new Supreme Court established by the new constitution, accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction, citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kenyadual citizenship recognized: yesresidency requirement for naturalization: 4 out of the previous 7 years, chief of state: President William RUTO (since 13 September 2022); note - the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President William RUTO (since 13 September 2022)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the National Assemblyelections/appointments: president and deputy president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); in addition to receiving an absolute majority popular vote, the presidential candidate must also win at least 25% of the votes cast in at least 24 of the 47 counties to avoid a runoff; election last held on 9 August 2022 (next to be held in 2027)election results: 2017: Uhuru KENYATTA reelected president; percent of vote - Uhuru KENYATTA (Jubilee Party) 98.3%, Raila ODINGA (ODM) 1%, other 0.7%; note - Kenya held a previous presidential election on 8 August 2017, but Kenya's Supreme Court on 1 September 2017 nullified the results, citing irregularities; the political opposition boycotted the October vote2013: Uhuru KENYATTA elected president in first round; percent of vote - Uhuru KENYATTA (TNA) 50.1%, Raila ODINGA (ODM) 43.7%, Musalia MUDAVADI (UDF) 4.0%, other 2.2%, description: bicameral Parliament consists of:Senate (68 seats; 47 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 20 directly elected by proportional representation vote - 16 women, 2 representing youth, 2 representing the disabled, and one Senate speaker; members serve 5-year terms)National Assembly (350 seats; 290 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 47 women in single-seat constituencies elected by simple majority vote, and 12 members nominated by the National Assembly - 6 representing youth and 6 representing the disabled, and one Assembly speaker; members serve 5-year terms)elections: Senate - last held on 9 August 2022 (next to be held in August 2027)National Assembly - last held on 9 August 2022 (next to be held in August 2027)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Kenya Kwanza 34; Azimio La Umoja 33; composition - men 47, women 21, percent of women is 31%National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Azimio La Umoja 173, Kenya Kwanza 161, independent 12, other 3; composition - men 275, women 75, percent of women 21.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 23%, highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of chief and deputy chief justices and 5 judges)judge selection and term of office: chief and deputy chief justices nominated by Judicial Service Commission (JSC) and appointed by the president with approval of the National Assembly; other judges nominated by the JSC and appointed by president; chief justice serves a nonrenewable 10-year term or until age 70, whichever comes first; other judges serve until age 70subordinate courts: High Court; Court of Appeal; military courts; magistrates' courts; religious courts, Azimio La UmojaOne Kenya Coalition Party [Raila ODINGA] (includes DAP-K, JP, KANU, KUP, MCC, MDG, ODM, PAA, UDM, UDP, UPA, UPIA, and WDM-K)Amani National Congress or ANC [Musalia MUDAVADI]Chama Cha Kazi or CCK [Moses KURIA]Democratic Action Party or DAP-K [Wafula WAMUNYINYI]Democratic Party or DP [Joseph MUNYAO, Chairman]Forum for the Restoration of DemocracyKenya or FORD-Kenya [Moses WETANGULA]Grand Dream Development Party or GDDP [Fabian KYULE]IndependentsJubilee Party or JP [Uhuru KENYATTA]Kenya African National Union or KANU [Gideon MOI]Kenya Kwanza coalition [William RUTO] (includes ANC, CCK, DP, FORD-Kenya, TSP, and UDA)Kenya Union Party or KUP [John LONYANGAPUO]Maendeleo Chap Chap Party or MCC [Alfred MUTUA]Movement for Democracy and Growth or MDG [David OCHIENG]National Agenda Party or NAP-K [Alfayo AGUFANA]National Ordinary People Empowerment Union or NOPEU [Rodgers MPURU, Secretary General}Orange Democratic Movement or ODM [Raila ODINGA]Pamoja African Alliance or PAA [Amason KINGI]The Service Party or TSP [Mwangi KIUNJURI]United Democratic Alliance or UDA [William RUTO]United Democratic Movement or UDM [Philip MURGOR]United Democratic Party or UDP [Cyrus Jirongo]United Party of Independent Alliance or UPIA [Ukur YATANI]United Progressive Alliance or UPA [Kenneth NYAMWAMU]Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya or WDM-K [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]note: only parties with seats in the National Assembly and Senate included , ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCT, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador Lazarus Ombai AMAYO (since 17 July 2020)chancery: 1616 P Street NW, Suite 340, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829email address and website: information@kenyaembassydc.orghttps://kenyaembassydc.org/#consulate(s) general: Los Angelesconsulate(s): New York, chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret "Meg" WHITMAN (since 5 August 2022)embassy: P.O. This was widely celebrated across the Ogadeen population in the Horn of Africa and in the diaspora. The 2009 census was accompanied by plans for the devolution of power and resources, strengthening the importance of the local. Refworld | Somalia: Information on the Ogaden clan in Somaliland 62. In 2010, the number of Somalis had risen to about 10,000, among them approximately 2,000 refugees. Government commitment and international technical support spurred Kenyan contraceptive use, decreasing the fertility rate (children per woman) from about 8 in the late 1970s to less than 5 children twenty years later, but it has plateaued at about 3 children as of 2022. His grandfather served as Sergeant in the colonial-era Kenya Police. Schlee, Territorializing Ethnicity.. Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 616. Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 624; Anderson, Remembering Wagalla, 662. Cheeseman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 3. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.25 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Letter by B. Jommo, Cross-ethnic and Proud of Ourselves, Daily Nation, 14 August 2009. http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Letters/440806-639674-8crbl7z/index.html. As a result, this area remained separated from the rest of Kenya and was ruled under emergency regulations. Targets included police structures, nightclubs and bars, churches, but also buses and bus stations. In 1977, the Somalia National. the song Narudi nyumbani/coming home by Nameless, written in 2010 as a tribute to Kenyan sportspeople who represent (their) nation), advertisements (such as Niko na Safaricom/I have Safaricom, a mobile network operator in Kenya) and TV shows.Footnote43 Furthermore, the idea was at the core of civil society initiatives. In 1884, the British declared that the Ogaden region belonged to Ethiopia, but Kenya refused to recognize this decision. And when he talked about marginalization, Kenya was the point of reference, not Somalia. A prominent figure of the Muslim Association of Nakuru, for instance, spoke about our Somalis as opposed to Somalis when talking about conflicts in the Muslim community (interviewed September 2012). Janet McIntosh argues in her article about white citizens of Kenya, who, similar to Kenyan Somalis, have a conspicuous minority status, that even though the Kenyan government stated that all Kenyans are indigenous,Footnote80 this phrase implicitly only refers to Kenyans of African descent, linking national belonging to race. . )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2009 est. 51. 58.17million more inhabitants? Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. These clashes revived the discussion over what it means to be Kenyan, yet who is imagined as belonging to the nation, and to what degree, remains a situational matter. [2] . Menkaus, Conflict Assessment, 3839. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Aminas mother tries to support the family by running a textile shop in one of the Somali shopping centres, but money is always scarce. Ogaden (clan) - Wikipedia 112. )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. One Imam in Nakuru,Footnote97 for instance, who was born nearby Garissa, went to a local state primary school and then to different Islamic educational institutes on the coast, in Garissa and in Nairobi. See Registration of Persons Act (Laws of Kenya), Revised Edition 2015, paragraphs 6, 9 and 14. There are (limited) interlinkages between these groups, and there are many who do not fit into these artificially drawn categories. The British established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which in 1920 was converted into a colony and named Kenya after its highest mountain. Although 80% of Kenya is Christian, its Muslim populationwhich accounts for about 9-10% of the populationis largely concentrated on its eastern coast as well as on the border with Somalia. Kenyan Somalis have become a stronger part of the Kenyan political sphere, as well as of the Kenyan economy, yet they are still marginalized in terms of legal recognition of their citizenship. 36. Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. Interview with Mzee Jamal, Nakuru, November, 2010. )permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est. which may lead them to rule in a biased way against women and girls. Somali Region - Wikipedia In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations.
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