But for them, too, it is clear that the structure of their gangs was decisively shaped by people who had a permanent address. Violence and indiscriminate robberies alienated them from the peasantry. 2023 . The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. The act resembles both a sacrificein that the victim of the second murder is not responsible for the firstand a legal punishmentin that the violent retribution can be seen as imposing an act of reparation on the offender. But do these words actually mean the same thing, matey? What is a group of traveling merchants called? These charismatic leaders were not only skilled in fighting and riding but also possessed material and social capital. Moss, David. What Is a Group of Rabbits or Bunnies Called? - AZ Animals Women played only a minor role in banditry. If theres no water and no boat, youre just a regular bandit. Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. [3], In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekmpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. Often all these features coexist in particular examples of banditry, although one may be more dominant than the others. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. But Latin American bandits have appeared in varied and complex guises. In early Republican China, the growth of warlord armies during the Warlord era was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Dickie, John. Recent research has revealed that bandits cannot be generally identified with the itinerant population. Caught in the act of stealing two oxen, he fled into the depths of the Essex countryside to save himself. ." Over 70 percent of the world is covered in water, so you can imagine that its home to a ton of different species. Granite Island: A Portrait of Corsica. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social The members of the gang were , Emmett "Em" Dalton, born in 1871, Robert "Bob" Renick Dalton, born 1869 and Gratton "Grat" Dalton, born in 1861. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. Solares Robles, Laura. Sicarii | Jewish sect | Britannica In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. 139149. 4 Encyclopedia Britannica Such definitions and redefinitions have created a vocabulary of justification, traces of which remained even at the end of the twentieth century. As in many stateless societies, the distinction between the private and the public (that is, civil society) had limited significance. That eventually expanded to include creatures that werent hunted (like bugs), and usage that spread beyond just hunters. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In contrast, Rosalie Schwartz argues that western Cuba's banditry reflects neither class conflict nor social banditry. Thus activities by bandits that had political implications (such as violence that kept the peasants cowed and docile) were often perceived as personal at the grass roots and hence of only limited concern, except to the participants. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. In casual conversation the words pirate, buccaneer, and corsair tend to be used more or less interchangeably. Over time, the buccaneers attracted a multinational mix of adventurers and scoundrels, and they migrated to Tortuga, an island off the coast of Hispaniola, in 1630. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? Violent retribution was "justice," a private affair not to be reported to the state. Explained: The bandits operating in Nigeria, who kidnapped 150 had marks left on them. This box-office success, which was later reissued under the completely inappropriate title Sword of Blood, is part of the ongoing popularization and romanticization of the premodern underworld. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. Rome, 1986. The serrano (mountain region) uprisings during the Mexican Revolution offer another good example of political banditry cutting across class barriers. They personalize the mafioso's or bandit's power and prepotency, generate respect, and emphasize his inalienable symbolic capital. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. ." (April 27, 2023). Women most likely lived with male bandit gangs at their hideouts. They took to the hills to right some personal wrong, becoming the noble robber. Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. SStartingCell= (area ID) and save it. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry Also known as the Bandit Queen, Phoolan Devi was born in 1963 in the north of India into a poor low-caste family. The Rousseauesque utopia inverted traditional wisdoms and manufactured the bandit as the first modern primitive within the borders of Europe. She married at the age 11 to a man three times her age, but was abandoned by her husband and her family after the marriage broke down. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). The modern state stereotypes regions within it as inhabiting a bygone era, thus rationalizing repression of legitimate regionalist, autonomist, and cultural aspirations by labeling them as banditry. 4 Adam The Leper. Michel Foucault noted that the greater the spectacle of state punishment (and most glorifications of banditry by the peasantry date from the period immediately after the establishment of nation-states), the greater the risk that it would be rejected by the very people to whom such spectacles were addressed. and Kiba no Tabishounin - The Arms Peddler (Manga) - TV Tropes Sciascia, Leonardo. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. . and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. Privateering could be shady business, and this accounts for some of the lexical overlap with the word pirate. Some standard illustrations of bats often used in language include: 'In the dark, keep an eye out for a cauldron of bats hanging inside a cave.'. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Paris, 1861. Banditry tended to appear less frequently in areas with large masses of rural proletarians, such as Puglia in southern Italy. He claimed that, whereas all Europe saw the Corsicans as a horde of bandits, he saw them as a free people capable of discipline. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. In early twentieth-century southern Bolivia, the peasants used banditry, mass mobilization, or litigation, depending on the strength of their corporate identity and cohesiveness. "Banditry A privateer was a pirate with papers. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. Encyclopedia.com. Banditry, Chivalry, and Terror in German Fiction, 17901830. Journal ofModern Greek Studies 6 (1988): 269290. An extreme form is contemporary political brigandage, which merges with political terrorism, blending political programs, covert violence, and protection rackets. Many bandit chiefs published pamphlets in their own defense claiming that, like all good Greeks, they were fighting the Turks, the Muslim outsiders who were the true brigands attempting to discredit the country. Tradition depicts medieval German robber barons as bandits. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. ." Richard Slatta, Gilbert Joseph, and others have begun placing Latin American banditry in a broader, more comparative perspective. ArCaLu/Shutterstock.com One of the most widely used names for a group of rabbits is a colony. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million. History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. Thief The name Bandit is primarily a gender-neutral name of American origin that means Thief. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. These practices contribute to the mythic value of the bandit or mafioso, which Diego Gambetta suggests is an essential precondition for the trust that mafiosi and others require to operate. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. New York, 1979. Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth, he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court. In central and eastern Europe and in the Balkans, it was found in the countryside, in specific conditions (such as following wars and massive dislocations) and in specific periods, especially in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the modern nation-state was emerging. Peasant stories about bandits exhibit what Erick D. Langer has termed "a selective memory." Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1988): 127145. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . If theres a boat but no water, you need to go back to pirate school. Kinship, real or fictive, was an important component of their organization, and solidarity was reinforced through the institutions of blood brotherhood and adoption, as well as through feasting and other rituals. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. Gorriti, Juana Manuela. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. 9 Most Outrageous Outlaw Heroes - bandits - Oddee The following analysis focuses on this important category, where among other things causation has been carefully studied. As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. Bracewell, Catherine Wendy. However, the date of retrieval is often important. In reality bandits changed sides according to self-interest. He was born in 1706 in rural Essex, the son of John Turpin, a small farmer. In the beginning he is portrayed as an ordinary criminal robbing from everyone in sight. Wisbech, U.K., 1987. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. Church of La Negrita, Our Lady of Angels, Cartago, Costa Rica. Bandits prevented and suppressed peasant mobility by putting down collective peasant action through terror and by carving out avenues of individual social mobility that weakened collective action. That is, it is an incontrovertible fact that bandits often terrorized peasants who appear to have voluntarily supported them; yet this fact does not exhaust or even address the issue of why and how banditry emerged, how it was sustained, or how bandit myths achieved such potency at both the local and national levels. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. In his celebrated book, Bandits (1969), Hobsbawm interpreted them as prepolitical rebels. [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. Gaunt, William. From the perspective of the state, the Mafia and brigantaggio became part of the wider questione meridionale (the southern question): Why is the South backward, crime ridden, and state resistant? Other famous bandits of the eighteenth century were Nickel List, who was active around 1700 in North Germany, and Lips Tullian, who committed most of his crimes in the Saxon region of Germany. [20] Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. Corsairs were essentially privateers, although the term corsair carried an added religious connotation because the conflict was between Muslim and Christian powers. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. 3 (September 2004): 759-779. [16] As Shih-Shan Henry Tsai explained, self-castration was just another way to escape impoverishment; and when a group of eunuchs failed to find employment in the palace, they often turned to mob violence. Barcelona, 19621963. But betrayal to agents of the state was always a grave danger, unless the individual was protected by powerful interests. Blok, Anton. These so-called bandits, which operate in Nigeria's northwest, are "terrorizing civilians, destabilising the region, and empowering jihadists," a report published in Foreign Policy said. In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. Rousseau's imagining of the Corsican way of life contains many of the germinal contradictory notions about bandits that developed in romanticism and have retained popular currency. Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. [31] However, such patronage did not guarantee immunity. Following their restoration in 1815, the Neapolitan Bourbons, rulers of Sicily, attempted to abolish feudalism and enclose common holdings, sub, Serbs The state's policies toward landlordism, peasant cultivators, and pastoralists may also be a significant variable because they may favor one over the other, with radical implications for illegal practices. Equipment Looters can spawn with in battle. According to Hobsbawm, bandits were symptoms of major transformations in society, but they did not themselves transform it; they were activists, not ideologues, and after World War II they disappeared. The Poetics of Manhood. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. 2 vols. This was the case in Corsica, southern Italy (Calabria), and Sicily in the early nineteenth century, when the British supported their "chivalrous brigand-allies" against the French. Literary romanticization of bandits was pronounced during the formation of nation-states and was often coupled with the desire of the urban literati to discover sources of opposition (often to foreign rule) in the countryside. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. Zilberg, Elana. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. ." Lsebrink, Hans-Jrgen, ed. They were known as train and bank robbers. Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. What is a group of bandits called? - wisdom-qa.com Banditry in agricultural contexts was usually more controllable and could be tamed more easily, especially when violent men from humble origins acquired secure property rights (usually through co-option or protection by elites) and thereby achieved legitimacy. Histoires curieuses et vritables de Cartouche et de Mandrin. Eleodoro Benel (18731927), a bandit leader in northern Cajamarca, Peru, was one of many such grasping, rural petty tyrants whose main goal was self-aggrandizement. Once saved and closed, head to the folder Skyrim is located in. He started his criminal career in 1602 and even features in Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605, 1615). And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. J "Banditry Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. SOES Bandits Definition - Investopedia Yes! E for Eagles Thats a lot of legs and thoraxes! It was not the traveling life that led some persons to banditry. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. In his Contrat social (social contract; 1762) the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau singled out the Corsicans in Europe as the one people fit to produce just laws. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. In addition to a desire for economic gain, personal and familial conflict drove some men to banditry. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be synonymous for gangsterism, brigandage, marauding, terrorism, piracy and thievery. Bandit definition, a robber, especially a member of a gang or marauding band. Violence is targeted specifically against persons and properties (usually animals) of persons, and displayed through stories. a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman hitman killer mugger murderer parricide poisoner Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers (sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. While there isnt an official committee that says its a murder of crows or a crash of rhinos, its still worth knowing these different animal group names for your writing and personal knowledge. However, in half of the German gangs studied by Uwe Dancker, wayfaring people (among them ex-soldiers, beggars) were overrepresented.
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