First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. Describe the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia and explain how. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). with reference to co-morbidity, There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. Upper and Newton (1971) found that the weight gain associated with taking antipsychotics was addressed with token economy regimes. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. (Total 16 marks) Abstract. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Company Reg no: 04489574. This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment. Diathesis-Stress Model - Simply Psychology A hundred Danish patients with a history of psychosis were assessed using operational criteria, and a concordance rate of 98% was obtained. Therefore, the evidence supporting token economies is very weak. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. Christopher Frith (1979) argues schizophrenia is the result of a faulty attention system. These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. 2. The focus of a token economy is on shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors and NOT on punishing undesirable behaviors. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) | Note - GoConqr Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. This weakens the interactionist explanation. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. Tienari Et. PDF Fisiopatologia, avaliao e tratamento da disfuno ertil: artigo de It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. It can also reduce positive symptoms by not rewarding them, but rewarding desirable behavior instead. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. Antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of symptoms (particularly positive symptoms). However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. A. Non-biological Explanation AO1 AO2 - PSYCHOLOGY WIZARD Results. 806 8067 22 However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. 1. Social dysfunction and skills in preview & related info | Mendeley Gender bias: Loring and Powell (1988) found that some behavior which was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. The validity of schizophrenia as a single disorder is questioned by many. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Boston House, Refer to evidence in youranswer. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. In the USA only 20% of psychiatric patients were classed as having schizophrenia in the 1930s but this rose to 80% in the 1950s . Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Very important to note genetics are only partly responsible, otherwise identical twins would have 100% concordance rates. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary Eg. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. The schizophrenic twin generally had more enlarged ventricles and a reduced anterior hypothalamus. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. The reason for this is because the research is carried out in highly controlled environments, which specialist, high tech equipment such as MRI and PET scans. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. (2004): Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. Education and rapport training: therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the clients own coping strategies and develop new ones. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or . There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. More recent versions have included hypodopaminergia, where low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex are believed to be responsible for some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Delusions of Grandeur). Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. Catatonia- staying in position for hours/days on end, cut off from the world. By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo 3. . Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Once the patient has had several sessions (often between 5 and 20), they should be able to recognise the fact that their beliefs are not based on reality. laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY - schizophrenia: psychological - Quizlet Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 - tutor2u A study by Anderson et al. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. schizophrenia psychology aqa question help - The Student Room [2 marks], Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks] and more. LS23 6AD Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. There are serious ethical concerns in blaming the family, particularly as there is little evidence upon which to base this. This suggests that biological factors predispose someone to schizophrenia, but this has to be triggered by some sort of experience or stressor. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Chronic environmental stress, for example having a schizophrenogenic mother, results in the onset of schizophrenia. This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones. Boston Spa, an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. Research indicates their attention skills may be deficient they often appear easily distracted. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. Tokens are secondary reinforcers, which are exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers), for example food, being allowed to watch a film, and so on. This suggests that one needs to be careful when establishing cause and effect relationships in schizophrenic patients. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . amphetamines) can produce-schizophrenia like symptoms in non-sufferers. The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia (n = 23, 57.5%) followed by epileptic psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) and general psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) with one of psychotic depression and one psychosis secondary to general medical condition. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Chronic schizophrenics achieved 3lbs of weight loss a week. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. Getting dressed, tokens (in the form of coloured discs) are given immediately as secondary reinforcers which can be exchanged for rewards eg. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). In addition, they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and suggest related treatment to help the patient. Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? They generally have fewer side effects eg. For example, Ripke et al. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. It is difficult to keep this treatment going once the patients are back at home in the community. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, some individuals with genetic susceptibilities to the disorder nonetheless remain healthy. Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. Kazdin et al. Their get up and go has got up and gone! , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). why some children in such dysfunctional families often do not go on to develop schizophrenia. Participants in Group B, the control group, were a volunteer sample of people who attended a community centre. Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. VAT reg no 816865400. (2006) CBT is highly effective and should be used as a mainstream treatment for schizophrenia wherever possible.
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