Report No. The most common sources listed in the table are: To apply the EF Hub scope 1 and 2 factors, the organization can first define the GHG generating activity for each relevant source category, then apply the appropriate factors for stationary combustion, mobile combustion, fugitive emissions, electricity, heat, or steam. 11. where Pm,y for a margin type (t, w or r) is calculated in Eq. New procedures for preparing and integrating these datasets into the model are described in the Procedure for Model Building section. 2021 edition of the Emission factors data package. The 2012 BEA IO tables include the sector Waste management and remediation services (562000), both as an industry and commodity. While not part of the interindustry transactions, these sectors are somewhat analogous to commodities, and are represented as rows for each industry in the Use table. BEA detail) through a schema mapping. 31. is composed of xs:x output ratios and identical in its indices (rows and column identifiers) to B. For example, Table 8 of the GHG Emission Factors Hub lists factors aligned with the distance-based method. Livestock water withdrawals are allocated proportionally using water use by animal type, calculated from the USDA animal inventory and national median water intake rates by animal type48,50. Circular 1200 https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1200 (1998). A new water withdrawal sector attribution model was developed, referred to as Water_national_2015_m1. For the Oil and gas extraction (211000) commodity, the entirety of the production value is assigned to the Solid waste landfill (562212) industry, as it is assumed that this represents landfill gas production. A set of ~40 v2 models with only greenhouse gas (GHG) satellite tables were constructed using IO and environmental data for varying years (20102016), number of sectors (~400, ~70, ~15) and model formulation types (commodity-based and industry-based) to generate supply chain GHG emission factors1. Zeng, L. & Ramaswami, A. This can be represented in unit form in Eq. Scope 3 emissions include all sources not within an organizations scope 1 and 2 boundary. 26. Direct HRSP impacts in agricultural sectors for crops account for a significant share of total impacts (e.g. The result is available in the National Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutant Totals By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset32. The attribution methodology for the remaining water categories follows Rehkamp et al.s sector attribution approach46. 28 for all flows at a 1% tolerance, with a <1% difference assumed to be expected due to rounding errors65 both for the full model and the domestic model, where Ld Eq. In Water_national_2015_m1, these water withdrawal categories are attributed to sectors using additional data sources for allocation, when necessary. PubMed Central An Introduction to Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis An analogous series of direct impact coefficient (D matrix) comparison charts are also provided for interpretation68, but are not analyzed in depth here. 6 above, but using the commodity gross output chain price index in place of the industry gross output chain price index. Clean. CESER@epa.gov, Amendment 1 to Supply Chain Factors Description, SUPPLY CHAIN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FACTORS FOR US INDUSTRIES AND COMMODITIES-.PDF, Appendix 3 - Industry and Commodity Reference Lists, Appendix 4 - Distribution, Wholesale and Retail Margins for Industries and Commodities, Appendix 5 - National Level Gross Output and Direct Emission Trends, Appendix 6 - Annual Change in Supply Chain Emission Factors, Appendix 7 - Contribution Analysis for Supply Chain Emissions, Appendix 8 - Comparing Summary and Detail Level Direct and Supply Chain Emission Factors, Appendix 9 - Comparing Commodity-based and Industry-based Supply Chain Emission Factors at the Detail Level. As described in the Splitting Impacts section, in v2.0, impacts can be split between those originating in the US vs. the rest of the world. The Make table is an industry x commodity matrix with USD annual output of commodity i produced per industry j in USD; the Use table is commodity x industry matrix with amount of commodity i, in USD, used to by industry j to provide a good or service. If a facility reports a NAICS code that is no longer valid, emissions are allocated equally across one or more relevant NAICS from the 2012 schema. 5, where xi,z is the year industry output for industry i in the currency year, z, corresponding to the year of the national flow totals. The additional data records are national flow totals by sectors that serve as data inputs in model building. PDF Category 4: Upstream Transportation and Distribution The R package useeior v1.0.061 was used for USEEIO v2.0 model creation. The first step is a relevance assessment to determine which of the 15 categories are relevant to the reporting organization. USEEIO v2.0, The US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Model v2.0, $$A=U{\widehat{x}}^{-1}V{\widehat{q}}^{-1}$$, $${B}_{I,y}={E}_{I,z}{\widehat{x}}_{z,y}^{-1}$$, $${x}_{i,y}={x}_{i,a}\ast {\rho }_{i,z- > y}$$, $${\rho }_{i,z- > y}=\frac{p{i}_{i,y}}{p{i}_{i,z}}$$, $${\varPhi }_{c},y=\frac{{q}_{PRO,c,y}}{{q}_{PUR,c,y}}$$, $${q}_{PUR,c,y}={q}_{c}{P}_{c,y}+{t}_{c,y}{P}_{t,y}+{w}_{c,y}{P}_{w,y}+{r}_{c,y}{P}_{r,y}$$, $${P}_{m,y}=\frac{{\sum }_{c\in m}{q}_{c,y}{P}_{c,y}}{{\sum }_{c\in m}{q}_{c,y}}$$, $${y}_{p}={y}_{c}+{y}_{e}+{y}_{m}+{y}_{\delta }$$, $$r{c}_{f},n=\frac{{m}_{f}\circ {c}_{n}^{{\prime} }}{\sum \left({m}_{f}\circ {c}_{n}^{{\prime} }\right)}$$, $$r{c}_{c},n=\frac{{l}_{c}\circ {d}_{n}^{{\prime} }}{\sum ({l}_{c}\circ {d}_{n}^{{\prime} })}$$, $${A}_{d}={U}_{d}{\widehat{x}}^{-1}\ast V{\widehat{q}}^{-1}$$, $${E}_{c}={({C}_{m}{E}_{i}^{{\prime} })}^{{\prime} }$$, $${C}_{m}={V}^{{\prime} }{\widehat{x}}^{-1}$$, $${B}_{\chi ,c}={B}_{i}\,\circ \,\chi V{\widehat{q}}^{-1}$$, $$i=w{\widehat{x}}^{-1}V{\widehat{q}}^{-1}L$$, $${H}_{i,c}={{\rm{\$}}}_{c}{N}_{i,c}{P}_{c,y}{\varPhi }_{c,y}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01293-7. sectors in an EEIO model) that drive a particular indicator value is a conventional analytical practice in life cycle assessment18. As for the second problem, each BEA-NAICS correspondence is extended to all related NAICS codes based on a Census-released 26 digit NAICS Code table25. The right side of Eq. Although it is economic data, the handling of it is identical to that of the environmental and employment data used to construct the satellite tables. Rehkamp, S., Canning, P. & Birney, C. Tracking the U.S. What are emission factors? And where can I find them? The relative contribution, rc of a commodity, c, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. As the matrix values are in producer price USD, the values in are commodity-specific producer:purchaser price ratios where a value of c,y is a ratio of year y USD producer price:year y USD purchaser price for commodity c. Margins tables provide values for transportation, t, wholesale, w, and retail, r, specific to each commodity consumed by industries, households or investors. U.S. EPA Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Commodities and Industries The U.S. EPA Supply Chain Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities dataset is a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the U.S. economy. Parallel decreases to that seen in ACID can be seen in the SMOG indicator. Ei, a national total of flow by industry per year consisting of the concatenation of all the satellite tables described above, is available in varying years. 10. & Balassiano, K. EPA Data Commons v0.1. Table 1 shows EPA's recommended source of emission factors for each scope 3 category. Monthly Energy Review - 2018. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2020). This sector provides a wide range of services from non-hazardous waste landfilling and recycling to contaminated site remediation. This approach is in contrast to the former method used in v1.1 in which flows were directly attributed to IO table industries. The organization may also be able to influence its suppliers or choose which vendors to contract with based on their practices. Generally, NAICS codes are published by the Census Bureau at five levels of detail: 2- to 6-digit, but such hierarchy is not fully disclosed in the table for each BEA-NAICS correspondence, which makes the correspondence incomplete. In v2.0, one of the BEA commodities is split into 7 further resolved (more specific) commodities (404+7=411). s is the product of L and the given final demand vector, y, as shown in Eq. The Water_national_2015_m1 model differs from the Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1.13 in several ways. L is in commodity x commodity form and represents the total inputs of commodities (rows) used to make a commodity (columns). PubMed The totals for household, investment, and government consumers in the Use table include consumption of direct imports as positive values. Official websites use .gov https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC# (2021). EEIO analysis can be used to produce policy relevant data. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Econ. These values can be found in the WasteDisaggaregation_Use sheet of the primary data record (in the rows labeled Use column sum). These values are included in the WasteDisaggregation_Make sheet in the primary data record, in the Industry disaggregation rows. 3, B is in flow x commodity form after transforming BI into this form with the market shares matrix transformation. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17145878.v1 (2022). (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Quarterly census of employment and wages 2017. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Matrix algebra is used to represent the steps of creating the USEEIO model, using conventions for variable names commonly used in a mix of standard references for IO analysis16 and LCA17, and the existing USEEIO model documentation. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1503688 (2019). FEDEFL Inventory Methods v1.0.0. 1. Flow loss may result from invalid NAICS codes. Chemical releases reported by facilities in these datasets include toxic releases, metal compounds, nutrients, and organic pollutants. For waste management disaggregation, a subset of the RCRAInfo database that contains waste flows from shipping facilities to receiving/storage facilities (arranged by NAICS sector codes) was used. In v1.2, national land use by animal type were calculated by importing and summing state level data for land in farms from USDA CoA. Emission factors may be quantified in a handful of ways. U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/naics/2012NAICS/2-digit_2012_Codes.xls (2019). led software development for useeior, developed the crosswalk methodology and wrote the associated section of the manuscript, curated all economic input data, performed model validation, and visualized the results. LCIA formatter. LCIA formatter. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2023), Scientific Data (Sci Data) The core of an IO model is a direct requirements matrix, A, representing the dollar inputs from other sectors per dollar output. After waste management itself, the next 31 input sectors (out of 177) comprise 70% of intermediate inputs. Derivation of these demand vectors is described in depth in the Final Demand section, since these have not been previously described in USEEIO documentation. The same default set of indicators used in the SMM Prioritization Tools were used in this ranking for both models. As natural gas withdrawals have increased 37% between 2002 and 2015 in the United States, the 2002 values likely are not representative of current water requirements for the mining sector54. Basic Information of Air Emissions Factors and Quantification State and local government other services (GSLO): the 562000 commodity produced by this sector is split between the Solid waste collection, Solid waste landfill, Solid waste combustors and incinerators, and Material separation/recovery sectors (562111, 562212, 562213, and 562920). Environmentally-extended input output (EEIO) models estimate energy use and/or GHG emissions resulting from the production and upstream value chain activities of different sectors and products within an economy. Inventory of u.s. Greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 19902016. Advancing sustainable materials management: 2014 fact sheet. Estimated use of water in the United States in 1995. https://www.census.gov/naics/ (U.S. Census Bureau, 2022). Water withdrawal impact intensity differences are attributed to allocation methodology changes for the irrigation, mining, and industrial USGS water use categories. The literature assessing the environmental impacts of household consumption is mostly focused on developed economies, thus, leaving a critical gap when it comes to assessing the impacts of household consumption and of related environmental policies in developing countries . We define production as final use, either within the US or abroad, of all goods and services that are produced in the US. Pathzero US EEIO Emissions Factors General Motors worked with Climate Earth consultants to useUSEEIO to calculate their Scope 3 GHG emissions associated with the purchased goods and services in their supply chain. Estimating industry land use with the MLU as the primary data source is an update from v1.2, where land use was calculated by summing USDA CoA, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Public Land Statistics (PLS), EIA Commercial (CBECS), and EIA Manufacturing (MECS) land use with the MLUs statistics for forest land, transportation, national defense, and grazing land38,39,40,41,42. 158, 308318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.150 (2017). Where a 5-digit NAICS contains only a single 6-digit child NAICS (e.g., 56291), flows are automatically assigned to that sector. The decrease is more notable in electricity and transportation sectors. The USEEIO dataset that comes with Net Zero Cloud is from an analysis performed in the year 2012. Point source releases to air reflect facility reported releases in these datasets and include both criteria and toxic air pollutants. EXIOBASE is a global, detailed Multi-Regional Environmentally Extended Supply-Use Table (MR-SUT) and Input-Output Table (MR-IOT). 2014 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). The resulting coefficients from these calculations can be interpreted as a measure of the environmental intensity of a sector in the year the environmental data are reported, but given in terms of the IO year dollar value. Environ. HRSP impacts are driven by particulate emissions, and to a lesser extent in agricultural sectors, ammonia emissions. There are five industries that produce the 562000 commodity. It may also yield insights into changes in US industry environmental performance that may be of interest to users that have used a v1 model either directly or via an interface like the SMM Prioritization Tools. Increase in nonpoint emissions for manufacturing sectors. is a price adjustment factor for industry i from currency year z to y USD. How to select the correct project type and why it is important Additionally, there are changes to methods of allocation. North American Industry Classification System. Scope 3 Inventory Guidance | US EPA To achieve more granular results for 6-digit NAICS, Water_national_2015_m1 uses acreage data for 64 crops from the USDA Census of Agriculture (CoA) data48. Young, B. et al. However, the BEA table is insufficient in two aspects: Most BEA codes have explicit correspondence with NAICS codes, but BEA codes in several sector groups, including construction (23), government (G), and final demand (F), are not aligned with specific NAICS industries. The value added sectors are the wages, taxes, and gross operating surplus for the industries present in the USEEIO model. The data have been updated for 201729. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524315 (2021). If heat content is available from the fuel supplier, it is preferable to use that value. Complete Hr and Hf matrices with results for all indicators and by sector are available online73. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The Make table is normalized by the commodity output vector, q to create what is also known as the market shares matrix. Timberland estimates are based on MLUs ungrazed forest land rather than total timberland, which reduces land use attributed to forest. 14). volume9, Articlenumber:194 (2022) The intent of this detailed analysis is to provide information and recommendations on available opportunities to work with County vendors to improve environmental performance and advance the health and wellbeing of the residents of Alameda County and beyond., US Department of Energy Table5 provides a list of all final demand columns included in the BEA Detail Use table and their respective association with the final demand variable. The economic data base year for v2.0 is 2012, corresponding to the latest detailed IO tables10. When making these improvements, it is recommended to focus first on categories with the largest impact on the organizations total GHG inventory. All the indicator datasets were produced by the LCIA formatter v1.0.162,63, which like the environmental and employment data had been harmonized with the FEDEFL. In Water_national_2015_m1, mining water withdrawals are allocated to 6-digit NAICS using employment data published by BLS QCEW. These variances are due to methodology changes when allocating land use to 6-digit NAICS. Ingwersen, W., Yang, Y., Gilkey, K. & Li, M. USEEIO v1.1 Description of Satellite Table Updates. However, Fig. The first ranking uses Hr calculated where y is the US production vector, yp (see Eq. Environmentally extended input-output analysis - Wikipedia The final demand vectors represent purchases of goods and services by final consumers, including by households, investors and governments. is a commodity x year price type adjustment matrix prepared using Eq. The major challenge with this section is establishing accurate IO transactions between the disaggregated sectors by using both monetary and material flow data. Learn more about the USEEIO framework to create IO models: application to the DOD and case demonstration on EPAs Science Inventory. EPA Center for Corporate Climate Leadership, Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard, The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry, Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials, Conversion factors 2022: full set (for advanced users), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidance: Indirect Emissions from Events and Conferences, ENERGY STAR Scope 3 Use of Sold Products Analysis Tool V1.2, Renewable Electricity Procurement on Behalf of Others: A Corporate Reporting Guide, Center for Corporate Climate Leadership Home, GHG Inventory Development Process & Guidance, Corporate GHG Inventorying and Target Setting Self-Assessment, Reporting Corporate Climate Risks and Opportunities, 4 (upstream transportation and distribution), 9 (downstream transportation and distribution), 12 (end-of-life treatment of sold products), The UK Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs provides well-to-tank (i.e., upstream) emission factors for fuel in the ". U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1517571 (2020). The environmental data inputs for an EEIO model are national totals of flows (physical movements of specific resources, emissions or employment) by industries. The BEA Use table reports the data for final US demand by these consumers, grouping them at varying levels of resolution depending on the level of resolution of the Use table (i.e., sector, summary or detail). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Li, M., Ingwersen, W., Young, B., Vendries, J. - Environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) database can be used estimating carbon emissions based on the amount of money spent. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles United States Environmental Protection Agency, email: Since SIMAP does not have an emissions category for other GHG, these emissions were added to the CO2 emissions factors as CO2-equivalents. To do so, the following approach was taken: When the underlying data for specific flows is available at the six digit NAICS level, the flow is mapped to the corresponding disaggregated sector codes as indicated in Table6. Although these emissions are not under the organizations control, the organization may be able to affect the activities that result in the emissions. This significant decreases in agricultural sectors is carried over into the food and fiber sector products, where for instance 90% of the contribution to HRSP for Flours and Malts is from Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains. Young, B. et al. Expanding the definition of industrial water use allowed for calculation of impact intensities for industries not previously captured, such as industries within wholesale trade, retail trade, and professional and business services. This adjustment results in different allocation factors from the Use table columns, and are included in the WasteDisaggregation_Use sheet of the primary data record in the VA disaggregation rows. Additionally, the use of Electricity and Truck transport by agricultural sectors are the greatest contributors to SMOG from non-agricultural sectors. This dataset tracks the monetary receipts by the different waste management subsectors that broadly correspond to the disaggregated sectors being introduced to the v2.0 model. The USEEIO Modeling Framework for USEEIO v2.09 provides an overview of the source code along with links to useeior and supporting software packages. We define consumption as final use within the US of all goods and services that are both produced and sold within the US or imported. Environmental flows generated in flowsa are checked for data loss after allocation to industry sectors, by comparing flow amounts in the original source data to flow amounts in the final output. 13). Ingwersen, W., Li, M., Young, B., Vendries, J. The Make table intersection is allocated using the total Use table commodity output, adjusted for any manual allocations performed for the disaggregation of the Make table columns. The model indicators quantitatively relate the environmental and economic flow data to an aggregate impact through the use of characterization factors. Note:Emission factors are per unit of heat content using higher heating values (HHV). Using BLS QCEW for the employment model allows for a consistent data source for all employment data used throughout model construction. The direct perspective LCI, denoted as Gr, is calculated with Eq. Reviewed and released models are listed on the model technical content webpage . The largest consumers are residential users (F01000, Personal consumption expenditures final demand) at 24% of total consumption; state and local governments (GSLGO, State and local government and other services) at 13% of total consumption; and Other real estates (531ORE) and the Waste management and remediation services sector itself, both at 8% of total consumption. Mercury emissions to air drive the increase seen in Cement (9% contribution to HTOX), that arenot due to change in emissions, but rather toxicity characterization that was not present in v1.2. The employment sector attribution model is created by importing and formatting the 2017 BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) table58. 36. The MLU land use categories are further allocated to 6-digit NAICS, modeled on Zeng and Ramaswamis methodology37. However, changes in the Make Transactions have resulted in a substantial increase in the quantity assigned to the Corn products commodity; Other basic organic chemicals, which is one of the largest generators of CRHW, supplies a significantly higher share of Corn products in the make transactions, increasing from approximately 4% of total commodity output in 2007 to 37% in 2012. Emissions of pesticides from agricultural activities are excluded from this dataset as they are captured in the pesticides table. Why Scope 3 Accounting is Broken in Fashion Industry - LinkedIn Thus, whatever is not explicitly allocated to 562112, Hazardous waste collection, is assumed to go to Solid waste collection, 562111. For example, the Solid waste collection subsector received approximately $21 billion in receipts from the Business firms and farms customer class. Household consumption accounts for the largest share of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Birney, C. et al. USEEIO was used by Climate Earth to calculate emissions associated with most purchased goods and services as part of Merck's annual corporate responsibility report. Depicts a calculation for estimating GHG emissions applying the emission factor of a power plant that produces a quantity of electricity (identified by the activity data e.g., a utility invoice) that is consumed by an end-user (not pictured in the graphic). Resour. Darker shade indicates a relatively higher score.
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